The History Of Sport Tourism

The History Of run around TourismThis judge forget examine the judge trespass of gasconades tourism on the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. The sample leave alone ask who and what defines a swordplay tourer, in agreeition, the impact a editions phaeton atomic number 50 slang on Glasgow and Scotland two positively and banly. The lo tungsten section of the essay lead consider the everywhereall impact of the games in terms of sports development and health in Scotland.On the 9th of November 2007, the Commonwealth Games union announced that Glasgow would host the games in 2014. Cited from (Glasgow wins race for 2014 Games, 2007) This would swop the landscape of sport in Scotland and tourism. Glasgows metropolis Council Leader stated Its about making surely thither is a lasting legacy. (Purcell, 2007).This was the culmination of three age of straining work for the city of Glasgow and Scotland. The bid would capture the imagination of both the semipublic and the media this was due to importance and legacy that the commonwealth could bring to Scotland through and through service, selling our culture and products around the world and in addition the ontogeny of tourists (Glasgow Games 2014, 2008).Tourism is a wide spanning theorem split into legion(predicate) categories, the international Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defines tourism as particular activities, selected by choice and undertaken out-of-door the home environs. Tourism may or may non get oernight stays away from home (Standeven and De Knop, 1999).To actualise tourism there ar many factors that argon involved when one is defining a tourist. A tourist is loosely split into two categories phone line and volunteer(a) (i.e. on spend) and argon categorised deep down Domestic or internationalist tourism (Standeven and De Knop, 1999).An International tourist is a visitor who fits to a field of view different than that in which he/she has his/her inve terate residence for at l eastern hemisphere one night and non more than than one year, and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an natural process compensate from within the country visited. While a domestic Tourist is a visitor residing in a country, who travels to place within the country, but outside his/her usual environment, for at least one night but no more than cardinal months, and whose purpose of the visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from with the place visited. (Ryan, 2003)To be classified as a tourist either at home or abroad you must spend at least 24 hours away from your home. Business tourists are tourists that travel through work commitment and are inhibited by their employment and a holiday tourist is the reverse were the tourist has the freedom to choose where to travel and the duration. Both types of tourists utilize to specific forms of tourism including mutation. Cited from (Standeven and De Knop, 1999)Lik e tourism itself, Sport Tourism buns be considered a wide and spanning theorem split into many categories. Within sport tourism, sport is break-dancen broad term including natural activity sayings such as rail and walking. While interest is not key for a sport tourist as they tail be an active participant or a passive spectator, it is the active aspect that is the polarizer for the tourism. (Kurtzman, 2005) and cited from (Hinch and Higham, 2004)The passive spectators are associated with back upup tourism were cooperate pillowcases around sports are used to generate bills for their championship and sport facilities have brilliant cooperate go.Were an Active sport tourist is in general associated with holiday tourism were the tourist seeks a specific sport to participate in while on holiday or were a number of sports are on take awayer in a particular resort.Both sets of tourists add great financial get aheads to the economy of the country visited, the next section of the essay depart focus on these financial and frugal benefits towards the 2014 Glasgow games both positively and dis acceptlyFor a host city a major typeface organised correctly allow for be economically beneficial, this has not unendingly been the case. Previous major events such as the Olympics have had a ult of cosmos a financial burden on host cities and organisers. In 1976 the Montreal games lost an astonishing 692 meg and the city has just finished off paying the debts. This led to the birth of cooperate games were private investing and sponsorship turn hosting major events into both profitable and practicable.The 2014 games go out require an investment of 288 million 80% which get out paid by the Scotch politics and the Glasgow City Council and the final 20% forget be acquired through corporate sponsors and investment. (Knight, 2007)The investors lead be hoping on a successful games both sporting and economically, to try and insure a return on their investm ent. through marketing not just games but Scotland as a whole the investors can profit. The Glasgow business guide estimates the Games have the potential to boost Scotlands international profile by almost 50%. wiz way to market Scotland is through tourism. Cited from (Purcell)The Glasgow games are held in the East end of Glasgow and this part of the city leave behinding go under massive regeneration to be ready for the Games. non lone(prenominal) top sporting venues are been gear up in place, an additional super C houses are been built around this area attracting more people to lively and work and invest and contribute to economic regeneration. (Purcell)The investment into Glasgow volitioning be looked upon positively put step-upd tourism can have both a positive and negative act on the city and the economy. unitary positive aspect impart be the add-on of business tourist coming to the Games. Business tourism is worth almost 1b a year to the Scotch economy. Through i ncrementd awareness around the games, Scotland can advertise itself as a world class venue to hold conferences and meetings. As well these tourists can create sassy businesses in the country or expand existing ones due to the experience, there is excessively opportunity to suffer Scotland to network and develop juvenile opportunities, which would contribute to an economic return on the games. Cited from (Glasgow 2014 Delivering a Lasting Legacy for Scotland, 2008)Not just foreign business tourists depart be targeted as local anesthetic enterprises will be targeted and attentioned by the commonwealth movement. Under Visit Scotlands legacy for 2014 games working with Scottish enterprise, event Scotland and the executive it is stated that local business can capitalise on the games and will make themselves and Scotland wealthier. To develop a mechanism to ensure that Scottish businesses have the greatest possible opportunity to win contracts to supply products and function rela ted to major events and this would therefore create a lasting business and economic legacy for Scotland up to 2014 and beyond. (Glasgow 2014 Delivering a Lasting Legacy for Scotland, 2008) Through this legacy these business can turn and prosper in a global environment by displaying themselves around this major event.Through the increase of tourists coming to the games, Glasgow must be ready to host and house them. An increase in all types of hotels will be needed. Glasgow all ready have many hotels to cater to anyones desire but more will be needed to provide suitable accommodation. New hotels and updated ones are planned, including Glasgows prototypal six star hotel in Argyle Street, the international hotel will cost one hundred twenty-five million and will also have apartments included as well. These hotels can have a positive impact financially for Glasgow and Scotland during and after the games.This will engender the opportunity to hold more tourists at one clipping in the city and have a higher clientele that will spend more money while staying. During the commonwealth games the hotels can also be a good base camp to allow the tourist to go the games but also other attractions around the city or even around Scotland. (Argyle Street Hotel Approved, 2007)A major increase in tourist staying in hotels will have positive aspects on the Scottish economy it also could be a negative impact. This is due to the hotel gyves not being Scottish and the profits made by them will go to the country of origin quite a than Scotland.The increase of hotels and other redevelopment will lead to an increase in jobs, which can be looked upon positively and negatively, from a positive aspect. The current economic climate of the recession is increase unemployment and any boost from either extra round or new facilities employing new staff will be vital to the future of Scotlands economic growth. An initiative of the legacy of 2014 games is to flash back economic inactivit y caused by underemployment of the workforce in Glasgow (Glasgow 2014, 2008) This will ensure that the recruitment will be targeted for the local population before and during the commonwealth games, this will allow them to be instruct in new skills and give the inactive trifling new embed confidence and inspiration to work. Cited from (Glasgow 2014, 2008)Scotland is a host during these games and visitors will expect a professional welcome, recruiting from the unemployed could be deemed of having a negative offspring and also increase of jobs in hospitality sector could also have a negative economic impact.Recruiting the unemployed could be a negative impact due to the Colloquialisms used in the Scottish language, especially in Glasgow were it could be verbalise they have their own language of Glaswegian.Visitors will be expecting not only proper English but also formal etiquette will be used, a hotel such as the Hilton train staff to be five star as well as their hotels and th e new staff will have to live up to these expectations which could lead to jobs intended for the unemployed going trained foreign staff, as companies will look for a multi- pagan employee. Cited from (Careers, 2009) This could lead to the new jobs being offered and taken by overseas workers. Not just from E.U countries but employees from Africa, Asia and the Americas. This could have a number of negative factors, first the inactive unemployed will not be able to give way fulfilled with new skills and sense of being and contribute to the Scottish economy. The bribe will be going to foreign worker who could take the money earned back to their own country and have little effect economically while living in Scotland.Although major events are judged on the economic return there other factors to be considered such as the socio- cultural impacts the 2014 games and the influx of tourists will have on both on Glasgow and Scotland.There will be many societal cultural impacts on both Scotla nd and the tourist. Considering Scotland and Glasgow, the city will go under mass regeneration. As stated the east-end of Glasgow will go under mass regeneration but also other areas of Glasgow. This will have both social and cultural impacts on these areas, socially with better housing and infrastructure could lead to a better way of living. The athlete village, National Indoor Sports theatre and the velodrome will be situated in Dalmarnock, a derelict part of Glasgow associated with crime, brusk health and unemployment and new housing will be build in the east-end of Glasgow. Cited from (2014 east end regeneration game, 2007) According to the 2014 games legacy the regeneration will be a transformation of the East End of Glasgow, creating a sustainable, spirited new community. (Glasgow 2014, 2008) The social make-up of not just of Dalmarnock will change which could be seen both positively and negatively.The positive impacts could be that the regeneration helpers attempt the so cial problems around the east-end and which would also encourage tourist to visit the area during and beyond the games. Sport stadia and other constructions engender tourist attractions and bring into generally urban tourists who not otherwise be there. (Standeven and De Knop, 1999) The velodrome and the National Indoor Sports Arena could have tourists and specific sport tourists being attracted to the east-end to visit these buildings or participate after the games, either returning back to the area or see due to the feedback given from tourists returning to their own country. A steady r apiece of tourist each(prenominal) year would encourage local business to grow and expand and network with other countries to bring in products and trade, these tourists could become residents of Scotland and become employed in the east-end and contribute socially and culturally to the area.Although regeneration will alter living and facilities of the east-end and Dalmarnock in particularly, i t could be seen as a negative impact for the people living in this area currently. The project cognise the Clyde gateway project is taking ownership of the regeneration and is behind the new housing, to allow the new projects to take place the residents of Dalmarnock will be locomote to other parts of the city. This will have a negative social effect on the people as they are being travel from their community and friends and family, for two weeks of games. Although most of the feedback from the community has been positive there has been arctic view expressed. Margaret Jaconelli is one is opposed to the games and the redevelopment living 32 years in Dalmarnock and is the only person living in one of the flats I want to stay in my own house as farseeing as possible. Margaret also spirits a sense of loss, It was actually a wisecrack wee community. (Forrest, 2009) The resentment comes from the feeling that the redevelopment will not benefit the local people as there are being shif ted to another(prenominal) community, so a new one can be put in place. This is represented in the new housing which only a few will be council owned and be given back to the previous residents, this could be a form of social cleansing, were the poorer class is go to make way to a richer group of people. Cited from (Lundy, 2003)This could also lead to a negative effect for tourists were the host could become resentful towards tourists as it could be deemed they were the cause of the social change. (Doxey, 1975 p209 putting surface book) developed a model called Doxeys Irridex to evaluate the relationship between tourism growth and community stress. Doxeys model could be applied to Glasgow and the east-end during and after the game. His first stage of the model is Euphoria, which Glasgow will feel before and during the Games, welcoming the tourists to stay and enjoy, the next of Apathy will continue after the games were if tourists return to Glasgow on a regular basis they will b e taken for granted and local bossiness will expect the said(prenominal) number of tourists ever year, the third and fourth stages of Annoyance and Antagonism could apply to local people who are opposed to the games and the redevelopment, they could be openly hard-hitting and unfriendly towards tourists during and after the games. Cited from (Standeven and De Knop, 1999)The increase of tourism will have a social impact on the east-end and Scotland but also culturally, Scotland has a elevated and unique culture and it is key that Scotland can show of their culture and heritage to the world during the games. The games legacy plans to ensure that as many Scottish products and service are used in the Games as possible. (Glasgow 2014, 2008) This will give the tourist an idea of the Scottish produce such as food and drink, kinda than sampling global brands which are widely available and show the prime(prenominal) of the products and interest them to invest or buy more. To display th e arts the Games will work closely with Scottish Arts Council to help showcase our festivals, artists and notional industries, such as computer games and music. (Glasgow 2014, 2008) This will help the Games be a more whole experience for the tourist who can be worked up by both the sport and the culture at hand. Cited from (Scottish Arts Council)A tourist culture could as well have a negative effect of Glasgow and Scotland as a whole, as tourist could struggle to understand the Scottish culture and expect a more commercial viable and a homogenized country. This could lead the Scottish culture being diluted and forgotten, to make way for the same shops, food, cars, art etc as any other country leaving it with no identity or soul.It could be said homogenization has already happened in Scotland with major chains such as Hilton or Starbucks being every major city and each rigid out the same. Cited from (Standeven and De Knop, 1999)The legacy of the 2014 games will look to make Scotl and greener, but a surge of tourists can make both positive and negative environmental impacts. The Games venues such as the athletes village will be eco-friendly with standards set to reduce carbon emissions and waste. The venues are set around the Clyde which is the river that runs through Glasgow, the organisers have seen the seen the river as an opportunity to allow commuters and tourists to move around the city with more easy. One project is to permit the Clyde to have a high speed ferry service, from the centre of Glasgow to Dunoon and then to Greenock. Another service which has been run since 2007 is Britains first pilot airline which a service from the centre of Glasgow to Oban. Cited from (Clydefast Ferries, 2008)These run can be seen both positively and negatively impacting the environment of the Clyde the services will allow more tourists to enter Glasgow daily and stay out with the city ledger entry only when they choose, this can a positive effect on the environment as tourist are using greener and alternative forms of transport rather the car. (Glasgow 2014, 2008)A negative impact will be the impact the services will have on the Clyde itself, the Clyde as already as a variation of water sports preformed on it, including rowing and sailing. An increase in tourism and sport tourists could expand these sports which will have a lasting effect of the Clyde. All forms of water sports can have a harmful decide (Standeven and De Knop, 1999) these can include bank vegetation being damaged, fish and birds being troubled, also local residents could have divergence with the increase of sports and the new services due to noise pollution.Transport is major issue in environmental impacts of a tourist and during the Games there will be an increase in activity that will affect the environment. New transport links are being built for 2014, including the completion of the M74 which will join to the M8 motorway west of the Kingston Bridge. A Positive impact of the new road will be opening up opportunities, reducing congestion and investing in easing the commute. (M74 Completion, 2008)Opportunities include a development of Scotlands economy by up(a) transport links and creating new jobs. The road is will also help the tourism as it will give greater access to the east of Glasgow were the Games are been held and encourage people to visit this area. Cited from (M74 Completion, 2008)Negative impacts of this road will be the potential environmental damage caused to local residents, in 2003 Green and Socialist MSPs united to oppose plans to complete the M74 motorway. They argued that the road would to reduce dealing and could increase it, health impacts of pollution on children and adults and the money worn out(p) did not justify the cause. In Glasgow particularly, where nearly 60% of households dont have access to a car, it is an obscenity that half a billion is going to be spent on a slice of motorway five miles long thats 100m a mile, (P arties unite to fight M74 plans, 2003)The tourist will make a authoritative impact on Glasgow during and after the games and also the legacy of the games can embolden the people of Glasgow and Scotland to become healthier and introduce them to sport, the Games will allow Scotland to improve their sport development and help master goals set by the government and the Sportscotland.Sportscotland is the national agency for sport in Scotland, and their mission is to encourage everyone in Scotland to discover and develop their own sporting experience, helping to increase participation and improve executings in Scottish sport. (We are the national agency for sport in Scotland. 2009)To achieve this Sportscotland issued a national strategy for sport, Reaching higher(prenominal) the two outcomes of Reaching Higher are increasing participation in sport and improving performance. Through the legacy of the Games Sportscotland can help to achieve these two national outcomes, an increase in sp ort infrastructure throughout Scotland by networking and engaging with national governing bodies, local authorities and Sportscotland will allow authorities to welcome an increased interest in sports participation. An increase under-represented groups participating in sports, the games will encourage new groups into sport and facilities will give them chance to take part.New sport development programmes to give young participants the best pathway to success will help Sportscotland to increase participation. Cited from (Glasgow 2014, 2008)To improve Scottish performance on a world stage, the Games can help discover a clear pathway from grass-roots to elite performance in successful sports, which will guide young athletes through each stage and give the correct training needed.Expanding the Scottish Institute of Sport were the top Scottish athletes are trained, will allow more to be trained and therefore an increase in more athletes. The can help to increase medals and general perfor mance of Scottish athletes at major events, investment into sport will give better training facilities, coaches and equipment. Cited from (Glasgow 2014, 2008)The Games will help Sportscotlands to achieve the outcomes, the Games can also revolutionise Scottish heath, Scotland has one of the mop up records of health in Europe with the highest number heart problems and strokes and has the shortest life expectancy. Cited from (Bridgland, 2000) and (Scotland is wipe up small country, 2007)In 2003 the Physical activity strategy was launched Lets Make Scotland more than Active, with their key goal of the strategy is 50% of all adults aged over 16 to achieve 30 minutes of physical activity each day and 80% of all children aged 16 to be achieving over an hour of physical activity each day by 2022. Cited from (Physical activity strategy, 2003)Physical activity can exclude sports and can include running or walking and the Games can be a vehicle to jolly up people to be more physically acti ve. Through correct marketing and information on how people can become more active. The Games will have legacy on the children, obesity among children is a growing health concern in Scotland, the games will give courage to children to try sport and be physically active, also campaigning for a healthier modus vivendi including food, alcohol and drug advice. Cited from (Glasgow 2014, 2008)To conclude the essay said it would examine the anticipated impact of sport tourism on the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. The essay has answered this enquiry by stating a number of potential impacts a tourist can bring to Glasgow and the impact the Games will have on Glasgow. The sections of the essay asked who and what a tourist and sport tourist are and a brief on the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. This section was answered fully giving a number of academic references to define a tourist, the main section of the essay was to consider the boilersuit impact both positively and negatively of the Games in terms of economically, socio-culturally and environmentally. victimization both academic text and physical sources the essay was able to give numerous examples in each section. The final section would consider the overall impact of the games in terms of sport development and health in Scotland, using national strategies this section could be answered completely.